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The Cathedral of Hajdúdorog, officially Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Presentation of Mary in Hajdúdorog (Hungarian: ''Hajdúdorogi Istenszülő Bevezetése a Templomba Székesegyház)'' is the cathedral of the Archeparchy of Hajdúdorog, Hungary. This status ranks the cathedral among the most important buildings of the Hungarian Greek Catholic Church. The origins of the current cathedral reaches back to 1312, when historical notes mention that a church existed in the medieval settlement of ''Dorogegyháza''.〔Csánki (2002) p. 535-6; 528; 633〕 However, the present building has got 17th century foundations, and it went through several building extensions and renovations during its history. The latest restoration just ended in 2006.〔Pásztor (2008) p. 16〕 Pope Pius X raised the church to the rank of a cathedral in 1912 when he erected the Diocese of Hajdúdorog with the papal bull ''Christifideles Graeci''. The interior reflects the traditions of the Greek Catholic liturgy and architecture. The most spectacular sign of it is the 200 years old iconostasis. The 11 meters (36 feet) tall wall of icons separates the three naves and the altar. The iconostasis contains 54 holy images and it is considered as one of the most important iconostasis in Hungary. More than 80% of the inhabitants of Hajdúdorog are Greek Catholic〔(KSH 2001 )〕 thus the cathedral is a central scene for the everyday life of the town, especially during major religious feast days. The most visited events of the cathedral are the Christmas procession and the traditional Easter services when a local bread, the ''pászka'' is sanctified. ==History of the cathedral== The predecessor of the modern days Hajdúdorog was founded around the beginning of the 12th century. The center of the medieval town should have been around the present area of the cathedral.〔Kniezsa (2001) p. 118-119; 126–127〕 The manuscripts from 1312 name the town ''Dorogegyháza'' meaning Church of Dorog. This let historians think that some sort of Catholic church stood in the center of the settlement, probably in the place of today's cathedral.〔Fejér (1832) p. 485〕 However, the present character of the religion in Hajdúdorog started to take shape after the settlement of the Hajduks in the 17th century. According to the diploma of Korpona, issued by prince Stephen Bocskay in 1605 and reassured by palatine György Thurzó in 1616, Dorog along with other towns in the region became the possession of the Hajduks. The prince also granted them titles of nobility as a reward for their help in the wars against the Turks.〔(Diploma of palatine György Thurzó )〕 The new owners of Dorog were all warriors and Orthodox Christians, but according to the palatine's list, most of them had Hungarian names. The Hajduks finally settled to Dorog in 1616. The first notes about the settlement's Byzantine rite community are from 1638. Bazil Taraszovics, bishop of Munkács appointed Dorog's priest, ''Radivoj Marinics'', archdeacon. The remarkable position refers to the strength and prestige of the community.〔Véghseő, Terdik (2012) p. 114-115〕 The Hajduks started to build a small fort in the center of the town. To defend the fort, they also constructed a brick watchtower. The tower was finished by 1640, and now it serves as the lower part of the cathedral's bell tower. Within the walls of Hajdúdorog, close to the watchtower, stood the remains of the old stone church. A number of Romanians fled to the newly established town to escape from the Turkish troops. The Byzantine community was soon split to two parishes: one parish served in Romanian language and the other in Church Slavonic (Hungarian wasn't a liturgical language in Eastern Orthodoxy, so it couldn't be used).〔Dercsényi (1991) p. 278〕〔Sz. Kürti (1989) p. 1-3〕〔Véghseő, Terdik (2012) p. 114-115〕 The two parishes agreed in the use of the church building in 1667.〔(Episcopal Archives ) (1999) V 1972〕 The fort, the stone church and the watchtower were seriously damaged during the wars of the 17th century. In 1742 the tower was rebuilt close to the medieval church, and it reached the height of 24 m (''78.7 ft.'').〔Véghseő, Terdik (2012) p. 114-115〕 In 1646, the Hajduks were still busy with the construction of their fortifications against the Turkish army, when in Ungvár Eastern Orthodox bishops and priests signed the Union of Ungvár creating a new and independent Greek Catholic Apostolic Vicariate, where later Hajdúdorog belonged to.〔(Pirigyi ) (2010)〕 The importance of the Greek Catholic Church in Hungary increased under the rule of the strict Catholic Maria Theresa, who thought of Greek Catholicism as a consensus between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. The empress erected the Eparchy of Munkács in 1771 and ordered Hajdúdorog under its jurisdiction. The Greek Catholic parish in Hajdúdorog had an adroit leader in these years, called ''András Bacsinszky'', later bishop of Munkács. He organized the construction of the Greek Catholic church of the town, collecting the funds from the inhabitants. Bacsinszky even set up a brickwork in 1752 to produce building material for the church. The construction started on 2 September 1764 under the control of an architect, called Thomas from Munkács, and lasted until November 1772.〔Sz. Kürti (1989) p. 4-5〕〔Véghseő, Terdik (2012) p. 114-115〕 The watchtower of the Hajduks was extended to reach the 48 m (''157.5 ft'') height, and topped by a Rococo (''Zopf style'') clad spire. The late baroque church itself was attached to the Eastern side of the tower. It included only one nave in that time and had a length of 30 m (''98.4 ft'') and a width of 11 m (''36 ft'').〔Berci (2001)〕 The 17th-century tower had now double the size, and the old foundations were unable to carry the weight of the steeple. The tower had to be strengthened in 1784 and 1791, but in the end the carpenters had to remove 9.5 m (''31.2 ft'') from the spire of the steeple in 1857. (This is the reason why the shape of the present bell tower differs from the one on the etching from 1859.)〔Sz. Kürti (1989) p. 4-5〕 The parish of the new baroque church didn't spare money on the interior either. After the constructions of the church had finished, the priest hired painters, carvers and gilders to ornate the interior of the church according to the Byzantine traditions. The episcopal throne, the pulpit, the iconostasis, the side altar and the main altar with the canopy were made for the baroque church between 1790 and 1816. The first (and for a long time the only) fresco, depicting the ''Trinity'', was painted in 1780 by an unknown diocesan artist. According to the latest research in the archive of the diocese, and based on the professional report of the restorers, the parish hired the highest qualified iconostasis carver, called ''Miklós Jankovits'' who probably worked with a local carver, László Lengyel.〔Nagy (1994) p. 52〕 The church contracted with Mátyás Hittner and János Szűcs in 1808 to paint the icons of the iconostasis. They finished the work in 1816.〔Dercsényi (1991) p. 278〕〔Terdik (2010)〕 By the 19th century the Greek Catholic Church established a strong and stable position in the Habsburg Monarchy. The only thing that shattered its unity was the rising of nationalism. Hungarian speaking Greek Catholics still couldn't use their mother tongue in their holy services, so they started to raise their voice for the Hungarian liturgy. This movement was started by Hungarian translations of religious texts, sermons and songs; and later peaked with the so-called ''Hajdúdorog Movement''. In 1821 the town council of Hajdúdorog abolished the Romanian parish and its services, because the majority of the town spoke Hungarian. Thus the only Greek Catholic parish that remained, served in Church Slavonic language.〔(Episcopal Archives ) (1999) D 509; D 573〕 The lieutenant of Hajdúdorog, that time the leader of the town, named Lajos Farkas started a nationwide movement for the papal acknowledgement of the Hungarian language in Greek Catholic liturgy. Farkas' initiative spread quickly in the country among the Hungarian speaking Greek Catholics. The case got influential supporters from the upper house of the parliament and from the government too, though their purpose was more political than religious. Erecting a Hungarian Greek Catholic diocese was handy for the central government's Magyarization efforts.〔(Niessen ) (1994) p. 238-257〕 A Greek Catholic synod was held in the church of Hajdúdorog on 16 April 1868 that marked the start of the Movement of Hajdúdorog. Due to the decisions of the synod Emperor Franz Joseph erected the Vicariate Forane of Hajdúdorog under the jurisdiction of the Eparchy of Munkács. To commemorate and to celebrate the success of the synod, the town decided to renovate and extend the church. The constructions started in the summer of 1868. The Northern and Southern walls of the original church were opened with large arches, and two naves were attached to the baroque building on both sides. These side naves, or aisles, were constructed to hold a gallery accessible by spiral stairways from outside of the church.〔Gulyás, Csomós, Seidl (2000)〕 A gallery was created on the Western side too allowing access from the bell tower of the church. The church received its present form by the end of the renovation works in 1876. The simple Greek Catholic church was transformed to a three naves basilica. The outside appearance of the building went through major changes too. The church lost its original baroque ornaments, it was replaced by eclectic elements, and the bell tower got larger windows.〔1868 letter from Diocesan Archive〕 The interior of the church saw large changes and renovation too. The parish hired two painters, György Révész and Gyula Petrovics, and a gilder, Károly Müller to renovate and decorate the church interior. Révész painted the ''Last Supper'' for the main altar and the ''Descent from the Cross'' to the side altar. He was the master of the seccos that can be seen in the sanctuary, and probably with the help of Petrovics, he painted the three frescos of the ceiling: ''Assumption'', ''Destroying the idols'' and ''In the age of Saint Stephen''. Petrovics and Müller restored the iconostasis. They removed all the icons from the wall, Petrovics even made some changes to some of the holy images. They followed a wrong order in the so-called Feasts row when putting the icons back to the iconostasis.〔Sz. Kürti (1989) p. 4-5〕〔Berci (2001)〕 The renovated basilica was consecrated in 1876 and in the same time the church got dedicated to the Presentation of Mary. The members of the Hajdúdorog Movement realized that their major goal, that is to use the Hungarian as an official language in the Greek Catholic liturgy, can be achieved only through the establishment of an independent Hungarian Greek Catholic diocese. The vicar forane organized a pilgrimage to Rome in 1900 to present their case and their arguments to the pope. Leo XIII granted a papal audience to the representatives of the Hungarian Greek Catholics and considered their case, but didn't erect the new diocese. In 1901 the church regained its original spire to commemorate the pilgrimage to Rome. Under the guidance of Gábor Katona, carpenter from Hajdúnánás, the spire of the bell tower was removed and replaced according to the original plans. A large, 1 m diameter globe was placed on the top of the Rococo roof structure to hold a Greek Catholic cross made of wrought iron. They put the list of the Roman pilgrims inside of this globe.〔Végh, Cserpák (1999)〕 The pilgrimage and the Movement of Hajdúdorog finally reached its goal on 8 June 1912, when Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Hajdúdorog in his ''Christifideles Graeci'' bull, and raised the church of Hajdúdorog to the rank of a cathedral.〔Pappné, Galamb (2000)〕〔(Véghseő ) Short History of the Diocese〕 István Miklósy the first bishop of the Hungarian Greek Catholic Diocese was consecrated in the cathedral on 5 October 1913. The bishop's offices were moved first to Debrecen, then to Nyíregyháza because of the lack of infrastructure in Hajdúdorog at those times.〔Galambvári (2009) p. 2-3〕 In 1938 Budapest hosted the 34th Eucharistic Congress bringing thousands of pilgrims and church leaders to the country. The congress was preceded by an extensive church renovation project throughout the country, not leaving Hajdúdorog untouched either. The works started in 1937, and it resulted in a decrease of the artistic value of the building and its interior. Since the renovations were initiated by the Roman Catholic Church, the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog was restored in a Latin way, losing its Byzantine characteristics. The original frescoes were painted over with low quality, neobaroque images; and all the furniture, including the iconostasis, were colored to oil green. The main altar's Last Supper painting was replaced by the Latin style ''Enthronement of Mary'' image. After the second world war the National Office of Cultural Heritage declared the restoration low quality, and they suggested the removal of the 1937 paintings.〔Berci (2001)〕 During the years of the communism the cathedral was neglected. The water soaked walls were the largest problem of the building by the 1980s, that threatened the wall paintings of the cathedral. Only temporary solutions were introduced until 2000.〔Gulyás, Csomós, Seidl (2000)〕 In 1989 László Puskás and his wife, Nadia were selected to repaint the ceiling frescoes of the cathedral. The couple was trained in Ukraine and they finished their work in 1990. The painters coordinated with the priests and the bishop of the cathedral on the theological and iconographical program of the frescoes to replace the Latin rite images.〔Володимир (1994) p. 26〕 The fresco of the Puskás couple was consecrated on 21 November 1990, on the 350th anniversary of the cathedral. These paintings cover the ceiling of the cathedral today. Szilárd Keresztes, bishop of Hajdúdorog started the overall renovation of the neglected cathedral in 1999 after getting financial support from the Hungarian government and the European Union. The walls and the foundations of the church were dried up and insulated, the façade was restored, the roof and the spire was rebuilt entirely and the church interior was renovated too. Györgyi Károlyi and Csongor Bedő controlled the restoration of the iconostasis, the altars, the episcopal throne, the pulpit and other furniture. The restoration works lasted until 2006. On 30 June 2008, almost hundred years after the first bishop's consecration, the cathedral hosted Péter Fülöp Kocsis' installation to his episcopal office. Kocsis started to renovate the most important pilgrimage site of the diocese and of the country in Máriapócs. The shrine houses the holy icon of the Weeping Madonna, which was transferred to the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog for the time of the renovation works. The icon was displayed on the pulpit from 7 February until 5 September 2009. The holy image of the Theotokos was carried to and from Hajdúdorog in a procession.〔Orosz (2009) p. 2-8〕 The relics of Saint Stephen, the patron saint of the diocese, and Clemens Maria Hofbauer were placed in the cathedral's Southern nave on 21 November 2010 by bishop Kocsis. The relics were gifts from Christoph Schönborn, cardinal of Vienna.〔Dalanics (2010) p. 6〕 Recently the Cathedral of Hajdúdorog served as one of the venues of the celebrations of the 100 years old diocese. It hosted the opening ceremony on 18 February 2012 and the Ecumenical Congress of the Carpathian Basin on 1 December.〔(Article on the Ecumenical Congress )〕 On 2 December 2012 a new bronze gate was consecrated.〔(Article on the bronze gate )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cathedral of Hajdúdorog」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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